Martin Luther King, Jr.: An Unfulfilled Dream Essay

Martin Luther King, Jr. was an American clergyman and Nobel Prize winner. He was one of the principal leaders of the American civil rights movement and an advocate of nonviolent protest. His challenges to segregation and racial discrimination in the 1950s and 1960s convinced many white Americans to support the cause of civil rights in the United States. After his assassination in 1968, Martin Luther King, Jr. became a symbol of protest in the struggle for racial justice. Martin Luther King, Jr. was born on January 15, 1929 King in Atlanta, Georgia to the Rev. Martin Luther King, Sr. and Alberta Williams King. His first name was listed on his birth records as Michael instead of Martin. Apparently, their family doctor thought that his father’s name was Michael who was known as Mike throughout his childhood. Later on his first name was changed to Martin. King attended elementary and high school at local segregated public schools, where he excelled. He entered college at nearby Morehouse College at age 15 and in 1948 graduated with a bachelor’s degree in sociology. He was ordained as Baptist minister at the age of 18. He graduated with honors from Crozer Theological Seminary in Pennsylvania in 1951. King also went to Boston University where he earned a doctoral degree in systematic theology in 1955. King’s public-speaking abilities developed slowly during his collegiate years. While in Morehouse College he won a second-place prize in a speech contest although he received Cs in two public-speaking courses in his first year at Crozer. However, by the end of his third year at Crozer, professors were praising King for the powerful impression he made in public speeches and discussions. Later on, King’s public-speaking abilities became renowned during his involvement in the civil rights movement . Martin Luther King, Jr. was exposed to influences that related Christian theology to the struggles of oppressed peoples during his education. His studies of the teachings of Indian leader Mohandas Gandhi influenced his attitude on nonviolent protests. He was also influenced by the sermons of white Protestant ministers who preached against American racism. A very important person who shaped King’s theological development was Benjamin E. Mays who was the president of Morehouse College and who was also a leader in the national community of racially liberal clergymen. While studying in Boston University, King met Coretta Scott who was a music student and native of Alabama. The two were married in 1953 and eventually would have four children. King accepted his first pastorate at the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama in 1954. This church has a well-educated congregation and had recently been led by a minister who had protested against segregation. In 1955, while King was serving as a pastor in Montgomery, Alabama, the black community has a long-standing grievances about their maltreatment in city buses. The blacks are often bullied and only allowed to sit at the back portion of the bus. In December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks, a leading member of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) was arrested because of her refusal to give up her seat for a white passenger. This event led to the formation of Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) where King was chosen to be the president. Their association directed the bus boycott in Montgomery that lasted for more than a year. In February 1956, they filed a lawsuit in federal court seeking an injunction against Montgomery’s segregated seating practices. The federal court ordered the city’s buses to be desegregated. The city government appealed the ruling to the United States Supreme Court and by the time the Supreme Court upheld the lower court decision in November 1956, King was already a national figure. He wrote a memoir of the bus boycott entitled Stride Toward Freedom in 1958. His memoir provided a thoughtful account of that experience and further extended King’s national influence. The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) was founded with his help in 1957. The SCLC is an organization of black churches and ministers that aimed to challenge racial segregation. King became the SCLC’s president and with other SCLC leaders encouraged the use of nonviolent direct action to protest discrimination and segregation. Their activities included demonstrations, boycotts and marches. These activities provoked violent responses from some whites that eventually forced the federal government to confront the issues of racism and injustices in the South. King made alliances in the north and in 1960 went back to Atlanta and became a co-pastor to his father at the Ebenezer Baptist Church. King led SCLC in a series of protest campaigns in the early 1960’s that gained national attention. In 1961, the first campaign was held in Albany, Georgia. SCLC joined their local demonstrations against segregated restaurants, hotels, transit, and housing. However, this protest was not successful. In 1963, the SCLC joined a local protest in Birmingham, Alabama. Teenagers and school children were encouraged to join. The chief of police, Eugene Connor, was angered and sent police officers with attack dogs and ordered firefighters to aim high-pressure water hoses against the marchers. The police attack on young protesters were shown in newspapers and on televisions around the world. King was arrested and sent to jail for creating disorder in the city. . He wrote a letter – â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† – which argued that individuals had the moral right and responsibility to disobey unjust laws. His letter was widely read at the time and has added to King’s standing as a moral leader. Because of the violence in the Birmingham protest, it brought about a national reaction that built the support for the struggle for black civil rights. The protests forced white leaders to end some forms of segregation in Birmingham. More importantly, the demonstrations gave courage to many Americans to support national legislation against segregation. On August 28, 1963, King delivered his â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech which in part states: â€Å"I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: ‘We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal. ’ †¦ I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. † He delivered this speech during the 1963 March on Washington, a massive protest in Washington, D. C. , for jobs and civil rights. The speech and the march created the political momentum that resulted in the Civil Rights Act of 1964. This Act prohibited segregation in public accommodations, as well as discrimination in education and employment. King was awarded the 1964 Nobel Prize for peace because of his effectiveness as a leader of the American civil rights movement and his highly visible moral stance. In 1965, SCLC joined a voting-rights protest march from Selma, Alabama, to the state capital of Montgomery. Just outside of Selma, police beat and tear-gassed the marchers. This day became known as Bloody Sunday. The Selma march created support for the Voting Rights Act of 1965. This act suspended the use of literacy tests and other voter qualification tests that often had been used to prevent blacks from registering to vote. President Lyndon Johnson signed the Voting Rights Act into law in August 1965. Later amendments to the act were banned. In 1968, King went to Memphis, Tennessee, to support striking black garbage workers. On April 4, a sniper in Memphis assassinated him. News of King’s assassination resulted to shock and anger throughout the nation and the world. In 1969, an escaped white convict named James Earl Ray pleaded guilty to the murder of King. He was sentenced to 99 years in prison. Martin Luther King’s dream was to have equality and justice for all especially the black people. Segregation and racial discrimination are the things that he fought for. But what is racism or racial discrimination? Where did it stem from? What has caused it? Racism refers to a belief that advocates discriminating against people based on an ascribed race. It often includes the belief that people of a particular race has a particular aptitude and characteristics. Some people believed that races could be ranked or scaled. Others divide people into groups based mainly on skin color. Racism is not the same as racial prejudice. Racism can also be referred to as a system of oppression. Institutional racism is based on the notions that one race is superior to other races. Organizations, institutions and other groups that practice racism usually discriminate or marginalize a certain class of people who share a common racial designation. The majority or dominant group in a society commonly applied racism because it is the group that has the means to oppress others. Majority groups usually constitute a higher proportion of a given population. Minority group, on the other hand is a group of people who share a common ethnic, racial, or religious backgrounds. They usually constitute a comparatively small proportion of a given population. Most often, they have fewer rights and less power than majority groups. One of the reasons for having minority group in a particular society is immigration. Based on history, racism has been an integral part of America. It started during the time of America’s colonization by the Europeans. During the colonization, African slaves and other Europeans (those who are serving indentured servitude) both served the European colonizers. A few Africans were given freedom and land grant and became landowners. In 1676, Nathaniel Bacon led a revolt against the Governor of Virginia because of his exploitation of poorer colonists. Bacon died and the revolt died with him. However, what concerned the Governor and the rich landowners was the multi-racial support of Bacon’s rebellion. This lead to decision the only African slaves will be used. Furthermore, anti- miscegenation laws were passed on so that intermarriages between European and other races were prevented. This change led to the long period of slavery in American society and the social rift along color lines soon become ingrained in colonial American culture. On January 1, 1863, President Abraham Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation that freed all slaves in the United States. Only slaveholding border states which is not still a part of the Union were exempted from this proclamation. Slavery was ended in the whole United States by virtue of the declaration of the 13th Amendment on December 18, 1865. However, discrimination against black and other minority groups continued. Proofs of discrimination are the existence of Jim Crow laws, the enactment of Minimum wages, educational disparities and segregations in schools, and the widespread criminal acts done by local and vigilante groups. The fight of Martin Luther King and his supporters, which has been mentioned in the early part of the research, led to the abolition of segregation and the granting of voting rights to black. However, King’s dream of equality and non-prejudice and justice for everyone has not been fulfilled yet. There are still places in the United States where racial discrimination could still be observed. Hispanic people are of different racial and ethnic backgrounds. Latin Americans are often viewed as a monolithic group in the Anglo-American society. They are called Latinos and are portrayed as passionate or violent people. The influx of Hispanic immigrants, whether legal or illegal, has elicited anti-Latino sentiments especially in areas that have traditionally has no or had a very few Hispanic residents. On the other hand, places like California and Southern Florida where Hispanic Americans have long been present, racial tensions between Hispanics and non-Hispanics are sometimes visible, more often when Hispanics gain economic and political clout. Due to the diversity of background of Hispanic people in the United States, racist policies also vary widely. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo granted American citizenship to Mexicans living in America after the Mexican War. The intermarriages of Anglo-Americans and Hispanics in the Southwest that produced mestizos are still socially excluded from â€Å"whites† of Northern European descent. Racism against Arab Americans is proportionately rising with the tensions between the American government and the Arab world. In 1973, weeks after the 1973 Arab-Israeli war, an Ivy League graduating class wore Arab dresses in racist mockery. During the 1991 Gulf War and the Oklahoma City bombing and the Teheran embassy hostage crisis in 1979 racism against Arab Americans escalated. Discrimination and cultural violence against them profoundly increased after the September 11th terrorists attacks in the United States. In 2001, a Sikh man was killed in Phoenix, Arizona. It was a racially-motivated incident because the man’s beard and turban was a reminder of Osama bin Laden. In Houston, Texas, an Indian American candidate for the Houston City Council lost to his opponent because of anti-Asian Indian campaign made by the supporter of his opponent. Although the allegation has been denied, the Indian American lost during the election. A few groups still openly advocate white supremacy in the United States. These groups include the Ku Klux Klan, the National Alliance, Aryan Nations, and several smaller groups like the White Order of Thule. A number of small white supremacist groups have recently been started as a reaction to the influx of Somali and Hmong immigrants particularly in the Midwest. Some of these groups target teens. Some recording companies are distributing openly racist songs in popular teen hangouts. The changing racial make up of the United States population has caused the inclusion of other races in the equation. Presently, Latin Americans and Asian Americans are the fastest growing ethnic group in the United States. These groups have redefined the relationship between races. At least four states, namely, California, Texas, Hawaii and New Mexico including the District of Columbia are deemed to be â€Å"majority minority† states meaning whites are not the majority of the population. Several acts and proclamations have been enacted and declared by the former presidents of the United States to abolish racial segregation, discrimination and prejudice. It can be said that these acts and proclamations have paved the way for better lives and opportunities for â€Å"non whites†. America has come a long way from its slavery days during the colonial American era to the present. It can be said that a part of King’s dream, his dream for his children to be recognized not by the color of their skin but by the content of their characters, has been realized. This is shown in today’s acceptance of the black population in the American society. African-Americans can be seen in the different sectors of the society. There are now black doctors, lawyers, teachers, engineers and politicians. They enjoy both economic and political clout. The use of the terms â€Å"niggers† or â€Å"negroes† are considered politically incorrect. They enjoy all the benefits that a â€Å"white American† enjoys. Yet, the other part of King’s dream has not been fulfilled, that is, his dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: ‘We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal. ’ America has yet to rise up and live out the meaning of its creed. Why has America not live up to its creed? When America opened its door not only to the Europeans and Africans but also to several other races, the result is a diversified American population in terms of ethic and cultural backgrounds. These differences contributed to the racial prejudice of the white Americans to non-whites. The long-ingrained social rift along color lines, which goes back to colonial American culture, has been deepened. Also, immigrants from other countries are easily intimidated by white Americans. They usually come from countries that were colonized by the United States. They have the mentality that white Americans are superior to them. They also normally come to America in search of greener pasture. These immigrants arrive in the United States with only limited amount of money. They are prey to abusive white Americans when their cash run out. The influx of immigration created more problems than benefits. The high immigration rates threatened America’s common culture and increased competition for jobs. Wages were lowered. Only employers profited while injuring labor, and especially harming those at the bottom of the job market. The increase in immigration also led to new issues. In the later part of the 20th century, issues arose about whether group identity challenged national identity. Many Americans wanted to preserve a sense of national unity while respecting social diversity. They debated the pros and cons of bilingual education, the impact of multiculturalism, and the merits of affirmative action policies in education and employment. The debate over affirmative action is likely to continue, in public and in the courts. Americans will have to balance individual rights against group rights, to consider problems that involve national identity versus group identity, to be both colorblind and race-conscious, and to foster unity while appreciating diversity. E pluribus unum (from many, one) thus remains a vital concept. The experience of the last decades of the century suggests that the pursuit of American ideals—of liberty, equality, and democracy—is a process that rests on conflict as well as consensus. Nature dictates that people agree and disagree with one another. If everybody agrees with everybody, life would be boring. There would be no ups and downs, no joys and sorrows. For now, King’s dream will remain unfulfilled. REFERENCES C. S. King, My Life with Martin Luther King, Jr. (1969) Robert J. Norrell, Martin Luther King, Jr. Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia Standard 2004. Norman Dorsen and Jethro K. Lieberman, Civi Rights and Civil Liberties, Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia Standard 2004 David J. Garrow, Bearing the Cross: Martin Luther King, Jr. , and the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (1986) David L. Lewis, King: A Critical Biography (1970). Bullock III, C. S. & Rodgers Jr. , H. R. (1976) â€Å"Institutional Racism: Prerequisites, Freezing, and Mapping†. Phylon 37 (3), 212-223. Woolf, S. H. , Johnson, R. E. , Fryer Jr, G. E. , Rust, G. , & Satcher, D. (2004). â€Å"TheHealth Impact of Resolving Racial Disparities: An Analysis of US Mortality Data†. American Journal of Public Health, 94 (12), 2078-2081. Rosten, Leo (1968) â€Å"The Joys of Yiddish† Martin Luther King, Jr. : I Have a Dream (1986 History Film) Racial liberalism era Zoot Suit Riots inner city

The Effect of Modern Lifestyle on Student Productivity

TOPIC: THE EFFECT OF MODERN LIFESTYLE (TECHNOLOGY) ON STUDENT PRODUCTIVITY 1. 0 INTRODUCTION 1. 1 Background of study Over the past few decades, technology has been drastically changing the way our society functions. The current generation is becoming completely dependent on new technologies. According to â€Å"Peter H. Martorella – 1997† Technology has opened the world of communication in a way before inexperienced.It also allows for more tasks to be completed in less time. In essence, technology has made the world smaller. The danger is when we get so reliant on technology that we cease to do things ourselves, limiting our activity and interaction with the world around us. With advancement within culture and society, there are positive and negative influences. Many studies and articles had been conducted and printed upon the effect of technologies upon the modern society.As for example an article had been released by Aydan Corken on May 2009 on The Negative Effects of Advancing Technology on Society. In this particular article it stated the negative effects of the advancing technology. Among the effects of that is stated in this useful article are laziness, decreasing of the communication skills, false information and so much more. Does this also affect the students’ productivity? This had intrigued us on doing a research the negative effect of technology upon the students. William F.Massy and Robert Zemsky who writing article about Using Information Technology to Enhance Academic Productivity says that IT eases the limits of time and space for education activities and IT will bring the best lecturers to students via multimedia anytime and anywhere so that, like the recordings of the country's most celebrated artists, those of the best will drive out those of the merely good. This sort of access is especially important for the increasing numbers of nontraditional students in higher education, who often have job or family responsibilities limiting their possible school hours.So with IT they says that it will make students life easier and efficient because it can cut cost and time consume rather than using traditional ways to study which is not efficient and time consuming. A research made by Leigh Linden (2006) who takes 2,156 students from 60 Gyan Shala schools in India as sample. The researches were made to test the effectiveness of Computer Assisted Learning (CAL) towards the students found that technology really helps those students to understand about their learning. 58. 3 percent of children in fifth grade could read at the second grade level.Half of 9-10 years old school children could demonstrate basic numeric problem solving skills. This shows how technology can be implementing in students learning. If the technology is well used then the result will be astonishing. These Computer-assisted learning programs are generating excitement in India, where the high-tech industry is successful. Walter Johnson High Sc hool made a research that the internet is very beneficial for academic reasons. It provides many resources such as Dictionary. com, Thesaurus. com, Edline. net, and Collegeboard. org, which are advantageous and helpful for students.It really helps students in making their homework and assignment given by their teacher. Teachers also feel satisfied about the quality of work done by the student. With technology, learning enterprise much more outcome-oriented, a change that has important implications for learning productivity. In fact, the areas that have made the most inroads with IT are subjects like foreign languages, math, and writing, whose outcomes can be most easily delineated. Continuous assessment provides the data needed to map the relation between cost and benefit, thus opening the way for experimentation and innovation.In other words technology will empower students to have greater control over the learning process, with all the benefits associated with active learning and personal responsibility. Not only will students decide when to learn and how to learn, increasingly they will also decide what to learn and how that learning is to be certified But according to the NY Times, a study in 2010 from the Kaiser Family Foundation revealed that children and teens â€Å"spend more than seven and a half hours a day (on an electronic device), compared with less than six and a half hours five years ago. The number of hours has probably increased since then due to the new inventions of this modern age. So parents nowadays are questioning about the effect of technology towards their kids productivity. This is because technology such as hand phone, laptop or video games can make this kid negligent with the technology. It appears that students are unable to focus on their school work during class and at home because of the increasing number of media outlets and new, appealing uses of modern technology. One of the researchers says that Technology may cause numerou s health problems.For example, according to Practice, Medical News Today, PR Log and Poynton, scientists, researchers and doctors such as Darius Lakdawalla, Tomas Philipson, Amy Drescher and Charles Poynton are concerned about the links between technology, obesity/heart problems, eye strain, deafness and muscle issues. This will cause students productivity decreasing because of health problems. Students who use hand phones or laptop for a period of time can cause eye problems or changes in behavior. The students could not give a full commitment to their productivity if they have health problems. So this will decrease their productivity.Gloria (essay. forum. com) says that technology helps improve high educational institute. Computers are used by high educational institute such as university or college across the country to help improve student learning ability. Computer simulation is used in flight school to allow students learning to fly without risks of accidents. University and c ollege use computers in testing environments to allow students taking tests to get instant feedback. Many students use the internet for research or getting online help. This proves that technology simply increase the productivity effectively and efficiently.This is mainly because there are only few researches that had been done or available towards this topic. Many researchers in the past had argued upon this topic as their result are various and they still fail in finding a definite result. Based on a research that had been done in the United States on The impact of Education Technology on student Achievement by John Schacter in 1999 it stated that the students that use technology in their students have a higher passing rate and consume less time in their studies. This clash with the book that was wrote by Junko Yamamoto, C. Jay Hertzog, Joseph C.Kush, Ron Lombar (Technology Implementation and Teacher Education: Reflective Models). In this book it stated that the students will face problems such as non-participation in class, laziness and etc. Thorough this research we hope to find out the real affect of technology towards students. 1. 2 Statement of problem Students in Uitm Puncak Alam already faced the effect of technology-based lifestyle on their productivity in life. A research made by James Kulik (1994) showed that technology do not increased student productivity as technology do not had positive effect on them.Student were became heavily depended on the technology and do not realized on how the technology can possible effected them or dangerous that came with the technology will effect on their productivity. This situation showed that government should took this matter seriously as this matter can lead the country to produce unproductively. Many research can be made to find out the effect of technology on student productivity so the people will be alarmed upon this problem especially student. 1. 3 Purpose of the study Nowadays technology was became more importance to our life, no matter if you were a business man, a doctor, or a student.The bond between the technology and student at present compare to the past are much stronger. Due to this fact, a study will be done in obtaining the data in order to decode this issue. The purpose of study described in this research report to assess the student of the effect of technology in their studies, related to their productivity. 1. 4 Objective of the Study The objectives of the study are: 1. To describe how university students in Uitm Puncak Alam currently use technology in their learning. 2. To find out how technology- based lifestyle affects the university students’ in Uitm Puncak Alam productivity. . To investigate the students’ in Uitm Puncak Alam level of awareness of the potential effects of technology. 1. 5 RESEARCH QUESTION Objective 1 To describe how university students in Uitm Puncal Alam currently use technology in their learning. Research question 1: How often uni versity student in Uitm Puncak Alam use technology in their learning? What is the level of effectiveness if student in Uitm Puncak Alam use the technology in their learning? Objective 2 To find out how technology- based lifestyle affects the university students’ in Uitm Puncak Alam productivity.Research question 2: What is the effectiveness of technology towards student in Uitm Puncak Alam productivity? How does this factor influence your (student) productivity? Objective 3 To investigates the students’ in Uitm Puncak Alam level of awareness of the potential effects of technology. Research question 3: What is the level of awareness of student in Uitm Puncak Alam upon the potential effect of technology? How is the level of awareness on student in Uitm Puncak Alam affect the potential effect of technology? 1. 6 SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDYAfter going through a deep process of searching and finding resources we had find out that there are only few research that had been done on this particular case. In addition to this fact we had also find out that currently there are still no definite result on the effect of technology towards the students Through this study we can gathered the data that were essential to this related parties such us parents, lectures, and universities or maybe even to the ministry of education. This can created the awareness of the stated parties upon the real effect of technology towards the students. The affect of this particular factor are very important as it determine and underline the reason for the success or failure of the future generations. 1. 7 SCOPE OF THE STUDY In the process of obtaining the relevant data, we had decided to choose the students of University Technology Mara [(Uitm) (Puncak Alam Branch)] as our respondent. This covered approximately 50 students that were equally divided between the diploma and degree students of this chosen university. In carrying out this study we used the â€Å"questionnaire† method and we were also been giving out a short briefing before or while the respondents answer the questionnaires.This was done to boost the effectiveness of the collected data and also to create awareness among the chosen respondent. 2. 0RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 2. 1 INTRODUCTION This section discusses the methodology of the research. The main purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of the technology based-lifestyle on the degree and diploma student of University Technology Mara (UITM), Puncak Alam Campus. In obtaining and interpreting the effect of technology based lifestyle on their degree and diploma student, 50 students from UITM Puncak Alam were chosen as our respondents for this research study.Data from the research were collected through questionnaires and small briefing. 2. 2 RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS This research utilized both the quantitative and qualitative research methodology. The instruments used to collect data were questionnaire and a small briefing. A set of quest ionnaire containing ten questions were distributed to 50 respondents. Various types of questions were used in the questionnaire such as yes-no, listing/ choice, likert-skale and closed-ended. In section 1, the question asks on respondent about personal detail such as: program of study, current semester and gadget they own.While in section 2, the question asks on how the technologies can help them in their study and their opinion about the real effect of technology-based lifestyle on the student’s productivity. The questionnaire was distributed to 50 students, 25 degree students and 25 diploma students. The data for the research come from the interview was utilized to confirm the finding from the questionnaire and then analyze. Other than that small briefing also the method that we use to obtain the data, these method uses while the respondents in group and be given briefing on how to answer the questionnaire. . 3 RESPONDENTS OF THE STUDY The respondents of this study were the degree and diploma students of UITM Puncak Alam Campus. 50 students were randomly selected to participate in the questionnaire survey. 25 respondents from degree students and 25 respondents from diploma students randomly. 2. 4 RESEARCH PROCEDURE Before the actual data collection period, a pilot study was conducted ton assess the validity of the research instrument. A total of six interviewers were selected to distribute the questionnaire.During actual study, the questionnaire were distributed in various places such library, cafe, student lounge and also at the bus stops. Respondent were approached with a question asking on how important are technology in their life and ask their personal opinion upon that issues. While the questionnaires were being answered, the interviewer briefly gave a small talk on hoe the effect could really affect their productivity level. This small talk functions as a spark to create and heighten the awareness level of the respondent upon the effect of tech nology based-lifestyle upon students. . 5 DATA ANALYSIS To analyze the data a total of 5 variables there are the types of gadget, productivity, time consuming of study, the life-style and environment. The data were entered into the computer using SPSS software. The results were presented through frequency accounts and other descriptive statistic. While distributing questionnaire to the respondent (student) they will briefed about the effect the technology based life-styles while fill up the form. The objectives of briefing merely to help them to open their mind about the current technology benefit.We will not influencing about their decision. It is up to their own perception to decide whether it is good or not after been given briefing. The data that were gathered then will be transcribed into graphs, charts and table to project the analyzed da 3. 0 Introduction of Findings The research on THE EFFECT OF MODERN LIFESTYLE (TECHNOLOGY) ON STUDENT PRODUCTIVITY focused on the life of stu dent in the era of technology. Before we proceed with the questionnaire, firstly we explained about the respondent. Our target respondent was among the student form UiTM Puncak Alam.There are 2 programmed in this campus consist of diploma and degree. We had 50 questionnaires to distribute among the student in the campus. 50 questionnaires are divided into half, 25 questionnaires for diploma student and another half is for degree student. As we conducted our survey, we were using questionnaires methods. While the respondent answered the questionnaire we gave a small explanation to the respondent for their understanding before they answered the following question. 3. 1 Questionnaire Findings Objective 1 To describe how university students currently use technology in their learning.Question: †¢Rate the effect of technologies on your studies. †¢How technologies help you in your learning. †¢Does technologies help you in your studies Objective 2 To find out how technology- based lifestyle affects the university students’ productivity. Question: †¢Do you agree that technology can increase a student’s productivity †¢If yes, how effective the technology help you in your studies †¢Do you agree that technology and education is a perfect mix †¢Technology is useful for student to complete their task/assignment Objective 3To investigates the students’ level of awareness of the potential effects of technology. Question: †¢Briefly explain how technology helps you in completing your task. †¢Technology does more harm than good for students especially in their learning 3. 1. 1 DEMOGRAPHIC The chart above shows every current semester respondent in this campus UiTM P. Alam. When we conduct this research, our target population is in the campus Uitm Puncak Alam itself, but the scope is the student who studying here.Both programme we were accepting to proceed and to choose randomly from 25 diplomas’ student and 25 degrees’ student to success this research it is the effect of the technology-based lifestyle on student productivity. 3. 1. 2 LEVEL OF STUDY The chart showed the programme of study in the Uitm P. Alam. There both programme study in this campus which are diploma and degree level. Based on our topic the effect of a technology lifestyle-on students’ productivity, this programme of study we separate it follow between diploma student and degree student. 5 students come from diploma and the rest should in the degree student. Total for both student have same percentage on helping our research. 3. 1. 3 GENDER This chart showed the gender of the respondents that have been taken into in uitm puncak alam campus. Based on our topic the effect of a technology lifestyle-on students’ productivity, this program of study we separate it follow between diploma student and degree student. 25 students come from diploma and the rest should in the degree student. Total for both stu dent have same percentage on helping our research. . 1. 1. 1 HOW TECHNOLOGY IS USED IN LEARNING. The figure 2 shows the different type of gadget respondents have that they are using right now. From the chart itself, majorities are comes from hand phones user followed by the second highest, they are using a laptop. The rate Mp3/Mp4 among this respondent is quite higher than i-pad, PC and others. 50 respondents do not mean that they all have hand phone or i-pad. Majority of the university student often use technology in their learning by using hand phones and laptops as their top tools of technology .Most of the students showed that laptop and communication device in learning increase their level of effectiveness. The high awareness of the technology tells the student how to make technology easier in learning. Most of the students now days is easily influenced thus giving the good effect of technology towards student productivity. 3. 1. 1. 2 DOES TECHNOLOGY HELP STUDENT IN THEIR STUDY ? As we can see from the chart, it is the answer from the respondents whether technology help student in their study. Most of the respondent says the answer is Yes while rest say No. ue to the effect of modern lifestyle (technology) on student productivity is become as apart from our life student will use. Technology frequently to do their task or assignment and most of respondent agree that technology helps them in learning because as we can see that almost class in our campus has a learning support equipment like a computer (PC), laptop, and projector. Other than that, students do not need to bring a book or notes but it enough if they read the books. They also can keep the notes that they get from the lecturer in their pen drive so that they do not worry to loss their notes or miss the important things.From this survey also we know respondent feedback about the change from time to time how technology helps student in their learning, from used the chalk and talk technique like a v isual aids. Obviously, we can see how technology helps students in their learning and the level of effectiveness if student use the technology in their learning. 3. 1. 1. 3 DO YOU AGREE THAT TECHNOLOGY CAN INCREASE THE STUDENT’S PRODUCTIVITY Base on the bar chart, it shows that weather technology can increase a students’ productivity or not.From the previous chart most of the respondent said the technology can help student in their study, to do their task or assignment , gather a lot of information and show the level of effectiveness if student use the technology in their learning, but for this question most of the respondent said No. This question is to measure the level effectiveness of technology on student productivity. From this chart we get the result show that 35 of our respondent are does not agree that the technology can increase the student productivity while another 15 agree with that question.From the feedback we get from the respondent, it is show that tec hnology does not give any impact to a student however they believe that students’ productivity is related with how much the effort that student have in their studies. The effect of modern life-style (technology) does not influences of students’ productivity because technology as a equipment that support the student in their learning while the productivity comes out from the student itself. 3. 1. 1. 4 TECHNOLOGY DOES MORE HARM THAN GOOD FOR STUDENT ESPECIALLY IN THEIR LEARNING. From the chart above, we can see that the result that given by the respondent eather technology does harm than good for student especially in their learning. From the result, 8 people from our respondent give the answer uncertainty follow by 15 respondent answers strongly disagree, 20 respondent give the answer disagree, 5 people said agree and 2 people answer agree. From the feedback from our respondent it shows most of the student said that the technology does not harm student especially in the ir learning but technology are helping to get some information, to do task or assignment and making their life as a student easier.This question is related with the level of awareness of student upon the potential effect of technology. Means that, what are the potential affect from that technology that can help students in their learning. Students realized that the technology is very useful to them but it doesn’t mean it will effect on students’ productivity. Because the modern lifestyle nowadays student are more depending on technology and they think that by technology they can finished their task smoothly without thinks wisely about their productivity as a students.CONCLUSION As we are expected from this research, technology has been drastically changing the way of student in generation Y and generation X in their process of learning. Now days, the generation Y is becoming completely dependent on the technologies that many studies and articles had concluded. We can s ee the different of performance of both generations where generations X is more committed in their action rather than generation Y.This research is try to find out how technologies affected the students in UiTm Puncak Alam on the usage of technologies, the students productivity and their awareness towards technologies that drastically becoming more easier to their user. To gain these objectives, we use questionnaire as our method toward respondents to gain the data on this research. In the questionnaire we use the quantitative and the qualitative question that consist of three sections. Using this method give us the experiences on how to conduct and overcome respondents behavior toward the question on our questionnaire.After we go through the phase, we can conclude: 1. The type of technologies that students of Puncak Alam use is more on phone rather than others. 2. We also can conclude in this research technologies are helpful in their studies, where as they use technologies in prin ting the handout, web surfing for learning, communicating and others. 3. In this research we also find that the productivity of the student strongly affected against technologies, but in the other hand the level of positive impact also does not reach the bench mark that is (technologies) required to help the student in the study.The result of this study indicate that technologies and the students productivity are two different factors that will never ever compliment the students in increasing their productivity. However these findings are only true for UiTM Puncak Alam Campus students only and cannot be generalizing to others students and universities. The same study need to be conducted with different students from others universities to see if they are any similarities with the factors that will influence the students level of productivity due to technologies. FULL REPORT THE EFFECT OF MODERN LIFESTYLE (TECHNOLOGY) ON STUDENT PRODUCTIVITY

Management Research Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Management Research - Assignment Example The managers of CCL cannot retain quality employees. The company has spent a tremendous amount of money on recruiting, hiring, and training. However, its turnover right is high. It does not provide retail products but creates and manages websites for its clients. The company rents a very large building with plenty of parking space in order to accommodate its staff members. Additional costs such as insurance, overhead, utilities, office equipment and supplies, security, etc. the costs of training, management, and many more too numerous to list kept their budget extremely high. Originally, the owners planed to serve only clients within the nation. However, customers are from around the world. But as business grew, the clientele came from various countries and the typical "9 to 5" office hours staff can no longer meet the needs of a global market as time zones varies, language and cultural barriers exist, and business procedures differ. Natural disasters (earthquakes, weather conditions , hurricanes) and manmade disasters (crimes, fires, etc.) around the world can also affect the operation of a business that has gone global. World Trends & Forecasts (1996, 2002) states "survey gave a strong boost to telecommuting when it found that e-mail traffic during the blizzard remained within fairly normal bounds," and quotes Sears, S. (1996), "The unchanged Management Research 3 volume of e-mail indicates that there was no loss in productivity, despite workers' inability to travel to their work sites." A solution to the problems of CCL Corporation is telecommuting. Telecommuting is defined by WordReference.com (2006) as, "employment at home while communicating with the workplace by phone or fax or modem." Telecommuting is bringing the work environment to the worker's home which will help alleviate some of the problems that worker's face such as the cost of car maintenance, gas prices, and the rush to make it to work in time during heavy traffic. It also solves problems for companies such as high unemployment rate in distant locations and finding quality employees. Crandall and Longge (2005) quote Tietze (2002), "For many employees work can be conducted almost anywhere: at home, in the hotel, at the local coffee bar, and even from an automobile. The space-time dimension, which requires that work be performed at the office at a certain time, no longer applies to many jobs". The TMA Group (n.d.) states, "Telecommunications technology moves information via electromagnetic waves and pul ses of light, whereas transportation moves people and goods in vehicles." Harpaz (2002) is quoted by Crandall and Longge (2005), "Many telecommuters feel they have less pressure and are more productive when they work at home. They also see substantial benefits, such as the ability to balance work and family life, increased quality of social life, more flexible working hours, and improved time management. The satisfaction of the work benefits telecommuters as well as the organization. Telecommuting may allow individuals to work in their desired profession, and the possibility of working for a number of employers simultaneously may for some offer additional

Implement and monitor nursing care for consumers with mental health Assignment

Implement and monitor nursing care for consumers with mental health conditions - Assignment Example Anderson’s condition and also discuss the important related functions and interventions which shall then be implemented by this nurse in order to appropriately address Mr. Anderson’s mental health problem. I have different responsibilities as far as Mr. Anderson is concerned. First and foremost, I have to recognize and accept the client as an individual (Schultz & Videbeck, 2009, p. 29). He is a person who is apart from everyone else; he has individual thoughts, emotions, and experiences which make him unique. This recognition would prompt me to treat and manage his case based on his individual circumstances, not based on generally prescribed interventions for patients manifesting his symptoms. Another responsibility that I need to fill in behalf of my client is to be his advocate (Schultz & Videbeck, 2009, p. 29). Since, he is not in the best position to care for his needs, my role would be to ensure that his rights and needs as a patient are protected and cared for. My role as a patient advocate would involve â€Å"acting on the client’s behalf when he or she cannot do so† (Videbeck, 2008, p. 96). As a nurse, my role in Mr. Anderson’s case is also to assess and plan his care (Schultz & Videbeck, 2009, p. 29). This assessment should be conducted in a detailed manner and in a manner appropriate to Mr. Anderson’s needs and condition. The assessment process shall be discussed in detail in the paragraphs that would follow. My role as a nurse would also involve â€Å"accepting the client’s perceptions and expressions of discomfort† (Schultz & Videbeck, 2009, p. 29). I have to accept that my client’s expression of discomfort are legitimate expressions without having him prove to me that he is really feeling that way. This would help establish trust and confidence between myself and Mr. Anderson and it would help him open up more about his feelings. Another responsibility I have is to respect Mr.

Materials management processes in Boeing PowerPoint Presentation

Materials management processes in Boeing - PowerPoint Presentation Example Since the suppliers are scattered internationally, they bring the materials from all over the world. Some of Boeing’s major suppliers are found in the following countries; Japan, Russia, United Kingdom, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, India, Israel, Italy, Middle East, South Korea, Spain and Turkey. The company uses over  $60 billion  to buy goods and services from its suppliers and partners (Boeing Web). Boeing schedules over 4,000 deliveries to clients daily (Dale Web). The company sorts problems arising from natural disasters by delivering the daily services and support in a manner that satisfies the expectations of its customers. Accidents and damages due to bad weather or delays are compensated duly as per the company’s policies. Operations are never stopped until the situation is declared a disaster. Material and financial damages are compensated duly as outlined in the company’s policies. Boeing’s supply chain is structured to offer solutions that enable customers maximize the value of their fleet. The company operates more efficiently while lowering costs. The company’s material management services comprise integrated materials management and a future supply chain service (Dale Web). Through these, clients can change materials manage ­ment responsibility to Boeing. Boeing then manages the combined supply chain. It gives a better service level for parts and more reliability to maintenance oper ­ations. Clients only purchase parts when they are given to maintenance or on a flight per hour. Integrated Materials Management also provides a method to measure and share benefits among airlines, suppliers, and Boeing. In 2013, the suppliers of Boeing from all over the globe generated over 60 % of the value of its products. The company’s global supply chain is dedicated to high quality and reliability and consistently offering high performance (Dale W eb). They help in the creation of a long-term competitive advantage, leading to

The Trail of Tears Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Trail of Tears - Term Paper Example Between 1814 and 1824, Andrew Jackson became useful in negotiating 9 out of 11 treaties whose intentions were to divest Five Civilized Tribes, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Cherokee, Seminole and Creeks, of their eastern lands in exchange for free lands in the west. As a result of these treaties, the US was able to control three quarters of Florida and Alabama as well as parts of North Carolina, Mississippi, Kentucky, Georgia and Tennessee. This was a period characterised by voluntary Indian migration. However, only a small percentage of Cherokee, Choctaws and Creeks moved to the new lands . Around the same time, that is, during the 1820s, there was the creation of the Indian Territory which is the current-day Oklahoma. This marked the genesis of the reservation system for aboriginal Americans. In 1827, the Cherokee adopted their own written constitution declaring themselves to be an independent, sovereign nation and the Congress felt threatened by this. In 1828, there were three major things that contributed toward the creation of the Indian Removal Act. First, Andrew Jackson was elected to become the president of the US. In his campaigns, Jackson had made promises one of which was to â€Å"free land† later to be given to white settlers. The land specifically was to be in the southern frontier states. His appeal was primarily directed to settlers of Georgia. At that time, the Cherokee Indians occupied a total of 35,000 acres in Georgia. The second contributing even in 1828 was that the Georgian legislature passed a legislation incorporating or annexing all Cherokee country within the borders of the state. The state legislature also abolished all existing Cherokee customs and laws, and commissioned surveyors to map out 160-acre land lots out of Cherokee land. These lots were to be distributed through public lotteries to white citizens residing in Georgia2. The third contributing event was the discovery of gold near Dahlonega. This was a region located in northern Georgia and it was in the middle of the Cherokee territory. This led to tensions between the residents of Georgia and the Cherokees. President Jackson used this tension to pressure the Cherokee community to sign a removal treaty34. Jackson had no desire to protect the Cherokees using the powers vested in the national government5. In his First Annual Message to the Congress in 1829, Jackson called for the displacement of the Indian community from their nativ e lands. The same year, John Ross, who was the leader of the Cherokee, travelled to Washington D.C. in order to protest against the actions of the Georgian legislature, and plead for justice for the Cherokee community. While in Washington, Ross found sympathizers among the members of the Congress but unfortunately, most of them were anti-Jackson. Ross

World civilizations in eighteenth century Term Paper

World civilizations in eighteenth century - Term Paper Example Therefore the workforce required for agriculture decreased and this led to a migration of this workforce to the field of industry, which in turn led to the industrial revolution. Before the industrial revolution, goods were manufactured using basic hand tools or machines in homes. The introduction of powered machinery that could mass produce goods in factories, led to the need for new markets for these goods, as well as new means of transportation to carry them. Mechanization of the textile industry coupled with improved techniques for making iron, and the invention of the steam engine, that revolutionized the transport system, in turn led to improved systems of trade and finance. Engines and machines that could do away with the physical labor of man, besides cutting down the time taken to accomplish it was a blessing indeed! Britain was the first to begin mechanized spinning and weaving because she was blessed with the moist weather conditions that helped in this industry. Besides, the fast moving streams supplied hydropower for these mills. As the economy moved from manual to machine based manufacturing, the manufacturing time was slashed and new markets were needed for these goods. The mechanization of spinning was followed in quick succession by the development of techniques for making iron. The introduction of the steam engine was the final triumph that revolutionized the transport system and increased the use of refined coal to power these steam engines. Britain being an island nation, her ports enabled her to trade in these goods and at this time Britain indeed ruled the waves. The efforts of British entrepreneurs were rewarded due to the fact that they had a large and ready market for their goods. Growing trade and commerce in... This paper shows that the thinkers wanted to bring about changes in society through the promotion of education and scientific thinking. In some European countries, a system of government called â€Å"Enlightened Despotism† came into being. Later, we are shown the need to feed the growing population, which led to a transformation in agricultural systems like improved machinery, scientific methods of breeding and introduction of new crops and crop rotation. Throughout the paper, we are given more and more information on the introduction of powered machinery that could mass produce goods in factories, led to the need for new markets for these goods, as well as new means of transportation to carry them. This paper also focuses on trade. Trade systems were dominated by those who held sway over the seas, and expansion of trade depended on the acquisition of colonies and the superiority of naval power. Swiftly from trade, the paper talks about the banking. For example, the Bank of En gland that worked as a government bank as well as a commercial operation, led to the setting up of a number of private banks throughout the country. In conclusion, we see that this industrial revolution transformed the lives of people in every stratum of British, European and American society. Building on the ideas of enlightenment of thinkers such as Voltaire and Rousseau, the eighteenth century saw the overthrow of despotic rule through the American and French revolutions and sowed the seeds of many more such upheavals in the centuries that followed.

Breast Feeding and Breast Cancer Prevention Research Proposal

Breast Feeding and Breast Cancer Prevention - Research Proposal Example Mid-wives and nurses have professional mandate to give information to mothers and pregnant women regarding their breast feeding choice? This information will also include how their respective choices will affect their general health. However, it is quite crucial that the information bases on evidence. Researchers have found evidence that breast feeding can protect women from breast cancer, but how that happens, they have not provided an elucidative explanation. Therefore, this study does not give an assurance of complete dependence on breast feeding as a protective measure against breast cancer. Contribution of breast feeding to breast cancer prevention remains imprecise despite there being enough evidence to make people believe that child bearing has protective effect against breast cancer. Earlier research indicates that women having their first babies after the age of 25, or those having lesser than four children are at a high risk of breast cancer. It also reveals that having a baby before 25 years of age, or having more children, offered protection against breast cancer, triggered by hormones. Carlson (2012) writes that currently, researchers are busy exploring the possibility of breast feeding being helpful to women carrying either one of the breast cancer faulty genes. A study earlier found that one of the breast cancer genes can be terminated by breast feeding. Though in this case, the mother was required to breast feed for more than a year. This was particular for BRCA1, which is one of the breast cancer faulty genes. The other one is BRCA2, and did not show any response to breast feeding, regardless of the length. Since the Swedish study, researchers have been giving contradicting results about breast cancer and breast feeding (Carlson, 2012). This means that research is ongoing to try and further elucidate whether it is a myth or a fact. Â  

Proxy Server Essay Example for Free

Proxy Server Essay Annotations: This research paper is an extract from an about 100 pages enfolding diploma thesis of Martin Eisermann, student at the Fachhochschule Rosenheim (University of Applied Sciences), Germany. It contains the results of performance tests, accomplished with MS Proxy Server 2.0, MS ISA Server and Linux Squid Proxy. This work reflects the personal impressions and test results of the author, made with web performance testing software, described later in this document. The paper is a translation from German into the English language, so it might not be written with the best phraseology. Microsoft, Windows, Windows NT, Windows XP, Internet Information Server (IIS), Web Application Stress Tool, Internet Security and Acceleration (ISA) Server, Proxy 2.0 are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in the United States and other countries/regions. Other products and Company names mentioned herein may be trademarks of the respective owners. 1. Executive Summary This technical research paper contains the results of a performance test scenario with the Microsoft Internet Security and Acceleration (ISA) server, which should make clear, how good proxy servers can improve the speed of a web server. At the beginning, it describes the structure of the test scenario, with aspects of hardware and software. Then, a product will be chosen from a variety of different test tools, which compete with each other. The benefits and drawbacks of every product will be elucidated. The next chapter explains, which products will be compared with the MS ISA server and why they were selected. The following test results are representing the biggest section in this research paper. Finally, there is a short summary of the newly gained cognitions. 2. Test scenario To get an impression, how proxy servers can improve the performance of a network or of a single web server, the following scenario was build: 100 Mbit 100 Mbit Webserver (IIS 5.0) Proxy Server Workstations ill. 1 The workstations shown in illustration 1 are simulating the internal LAN (local area network) clients, which are among themselves connected with a fast Ethernet switch (100 Mbit). The web server, which is also connected with 100 Mbit, simulates the Internet. However, this network capacity is mostly not found in small and/ or middle enterprises, but for compensation, the web server is an outdated machine. The technical data of all components used for the tests is described in table 1. Technical data: System web server proxy server Workstations CPU Pentium AMD Duron Pentium II MHz RAM 200 800 400 96 MB 512 MB 256 MB OS Win XP Prof., IIS 5.0 variable Win NT 4.0 Prof. Tab. 1 3. Test tool selection In the Internet, it is not difficult to find programs, which can execute diverse performance tests for web servers. Many of them, especially if they are build for Linux, are free of charge, but if one likes to have graphical analysis it gets more difficult. Often one has to decide using a Microsoft Windows 32-bit application, which, in general, costs a lot of money. Another problem is the possibility to integrate a proxy server to the web testing tools. Most tools dont support that. Of course, this is comprehensible: which operator, who wants to test his web server performance, likes the results be influenced by a proxy? But in this scenario, it is absolutely necessary. Regarding this two product selection preconditions, there arent left a lot tools. Three remaining products are the WebPolygrah Benchmark Tool from Measurement Factory, Microsofts Web Application Stress Tool and the Web Performance TrainerTM from Web Performance Inc. On a first look, they all three seem to offer the wished functionality. a) WebPolygraph Benchmark Tool: The WebPolygraph Benchmark Tool is freely availably at http://www.webpolygraph.org. The tool was originally developed for Linux based systems, but in between there are also MS Windows 32-bit binaries downloadable. The actually available documentation in the Internet is not sufficient to set up a test environment quickly and without intensive knowledge of the product. More examples and more detailed descriptions would help a lot. A graphical user interface is not implemented, too. b) Microsoft Web Application Stress Tool Also freely available is Microsofts web testing utility, the Web Application Stress Tool. It is downloadable at http://www.microsoft.com. The documentation, which can be found in the Internet, is clearly structured and useful. The handling of the product is intuitive for experienced Windows users. The missing integration of a proxy server in its configuration setup, makes the tool nearly useless, but Microsoft offers a solution: one have to install the Microsoft Proxy Client (or the Microsoft ISA Firewall Client) on the machine, which is used to perform the web tests, then the tests are working suitable. There is only one more problem left, which will get clearer in the next few minutes: There is no proxy client or firewall client available for Linux! And because there is a Linux product in the test environment, the Stress Tool is not useful at last. c) Web Performance TrainerTM 2.4 Finally, the software product from Web Performance Inc. (http://www.webperformanceinc.com) fulfilled all preconditions: graphical user interface, proxy configuration, easy understandable, Internet based documentation. All installation problems and handling questions where answered fast and competent. The product handling is similar to the Web Application Stress Tool, but there are versions for both, Linux and Windows operating systems. The demo version only supports an amount of 25 users, but Web Performance Inc. offered a time limited 3000 user version, for the tests. At this point many thanks for that again. 4. Test specification The web content for the tests is completely static, that means pictures and html-files, No dynamic pages like asp or php were inherited. Reason: these pages are normally not cached in a proxy server. The amount of data used is about 4.8 MB. The test run time is determined to 30 minutes. Significant performance differences should be visible within this time. The Web Performance trainer v2.4 can increase the number of concurrent users by 25 every minute. So, at the end of the test, a maximum number of 750 users can poll the web server. 5. Choosing the proxy products If someone tests the speed of a web or proxy server, he would not now, if his results are good or bad, if he doesnt make a comparison with other products. For this reason, beside the ISA server, the Microsoft Proxy 2.0 and a Linux Squid proxy were other test candidates. The decision for MS Proxy 2.0 is easy to explain. It is the original product, Microsoft build the ISA server on. It also runs on Windows 32bit operating systems and Microsoft propagates, that the ISA server runs about 10 times faster. The Linux squid proxy is in the test field, because it has the same functionality like the MS proxy versions, but runs on a completely different platform. Another reason is, that Linux and squid are both freeware products and thats a big advantage. 6. The test results The most important results, if one tests the performance of web or proxy servers, are described with the data: Total Hits, Errors, Hits/sec and Bytes/sec. In all following diagrams, the colors are defined as follows: Total Hits Errors red Hits/sec Bytes/sec black yellow (with factor: 0,001 kB/sec) green 6.1 Web server (standalone) For a first view, the next two illustrations are showing the test results of the web server, without a proxy: Ill. 2 Ill. 3 While the 30 minutes test duration there were only 111.451 hits and 298.778 errors recognized by the Web Performance TrainerTM and only 470 users could by simulated at all. In the first minutes of the test, the amount of kilobytes per second is relatively high (~ 550) but from minute 11:00, they decrease to an average number of 165 kb/s. A stable result of only 50 hits per second can be metered. Already explained before in this paper, the used web server is an old computer, so these bad results are nothing to wonder. How good the results could get with proxy servers in front of it, will be shown in the next chapter. 6.2 MS Proxy 2.0 vs. MS ISA-Server In a first step, the two Microsoft products will be compared with each other. Already their total hits within this 30 minutes, differ a lot. The ISA-Server has about four times better results than it’s predecessor, while the total number of errors is just about three times higher. MS Proxy 2.0 – Total Hits: 206.953 – Errors: 74.572 Ill. 4 Ill. 5 MS ISA-Server – Total Hits: 781.851 – Errors: 232.879 So, the superiority of the new product is verified. Surprisingly, the count of errors of the MS Proxy 2.0 loose their nearly parallel growth with the total hits line in the 8th minute, and increase much slower in the next 22 test minutes. For this effect couldn’t be found a reason. MS Proxy 2.0 – Hits/Sec – kB/s Ill. 6 MS ISA-Server – Hits/Sec – kB/s Ill. 7 The comparison of the hits/s, shows that the MS Proxy 2.0 cannot exceed the previous peak values of the web server a lot, but holds them constantly (~ 550 kB/s at ~120 hits/s). Whereas the ISA server lies with it’s ~500 hits/s explicit over the MS Proxy 2.0. A ten times higher rate, shown in the small illustration 8 (submitted by Microsoft), cannot be proven. Ill. 7 6.3 Linux Squid vs. MS ISA server The second test candidate is the squid proxy server, based on the operating system RedHat Linux version 7.2. The software products can be downloaded freely from the Internet (http://www.redhat.com; http://www.squid-cache.org). The squid version, used for the test, is release 2.4 stable 1-5. Linux Squid – Total Hits: 1.335.949 – Errors: 303.204 Ill. 9 MS ISA-Server – Total Hits: 781.851 – Errors: 232.879 Ill. 10 This comparing test shows significantly, the higher performance of the squid proxy in opposite to the MS ISA server: it is nearly doubled. The amount of not completed requests is irrelevant higher. Further results like hits per second and kilobytes per second are making this even clearer. Linux Squid – Hits/Sec – kB/s Ill. 11 MS ISA-Server – Hits/Sec – kB/s Ill. 12 In the first six minutes, ISA and squid are competing with each other and are reaching values of 2.600 kb/sec. But then, the performance of the ISA server slackens and even decreases to an average value of 2.200 kb/s. Whereas the performance of the squid proxy reaches its limit not before the maximum possible network throughput rate (at 100 Mbit) of about 4450 kb/sec in the 9th test minute. Then the average value also decreases a little until circa 4300 kbytes per second. 7. Summary The squid proxy, running on a freeware product, is apparently the fastest proxy server within the three test candidates. Its normal implementation is not hard, if the corresponding administrator has little knowledge about Linux. On the other hand, which corporation is in the need of this high caching rates? Who has 750 users that make 1.35 million web requests in 30 minutes? So, if there is already a Windows based network, which perhaps already implemented a MS Proxy 2.0 server, there is no real need to change to a Linux proxy variant instead of updating to an ISA server. On further reason, to prefer the MS ISA server instead of the squid proxy in an existing Windows based network, might be, that all already implemented user groups can be left and later used in the ISA server configuration after an update. Implementing the authorization structure of a Windows 2000 or NT domain on a Linux computer is certainly possible, but probably not easy for a typical Windows Administrator. And implementing the users on two security

Roles and functions of judges Essay Example for Free

Roles and functions of judges Essay Judges There are two types of judges, superior judges and inferior judges in the UK. The superior judges are entitled to work in the higher courts such as, the court of Appeal, and the House of Lords. Whereas, inferior judges work in the lower courts in the hierarchy such as crown courts and supreme courts. Superior judges are called district judges and inferior judges are called circuit judges. District judges are full-time judges who deal with the majority of cases in the county courts. These judges are appointed by the queen and mainly deal with claims and other matters within the court. However, Circuit judges are appointed to one of seven regions of England and Wales, and sit in the crown and county courts within their particular region. The difference between both judges is that, superior judges are more experienced as compared to the inferior judges, they have a minimum experience of 20 years but inferior judge has less experience so therefore, they have to do some training. Superior judges wear long wigs and extravagant gowns; however, inferior judges also wear the same but a bit shorter. For superior judges their salaries are a lot higher compared to inferior judges. In criminal courts juries look upon the factors and decide if the verdict is guilty or not, whereas the judge looks on the law and decides the sentence. On the other hand, the judges in civil cases decide if the verdict is liable or not beyond reasonable doubt and if the verdict needs to pay injunctions. Barristers Solicitors Barristers are lawyers who argue a clients case where as Solicitors prepare paper work and usually handle civil cases which includes divorces, wills for husband and wife, suing someone and offering no win no fee personal injury claims, they sit and work in the lower courts which are the magistrate’s courts and county courts. Solicitors also have to keep up to date with the law as they change often. Barristers are entitled to where wigs in the court where as a solicitor doesn’t wear a wig, they are subject to wear ordinary suit. Most barristers though will spend their professional lives in the court, hearing cases in the crown court and high court where as a solicitor will spend their time in working in the lower courts which are the magistrates court and county courts. However both solicitors and barristers must complete two clear stages of training, the academic and vocational stages, this shows their similarities. The academic stage is accomplished by obtaining a law degree, and then they have to complete a second stage of vocational training. The bar vocational course is for the period of 1 year and costs more than one or two grand however the solicitors complete a year of the legal practice course. The Bar vocational course is designed by the general council of the bar to provide the students of the bar with practical skills involved in court work. They have to be a member of the inn court and then have to have the 12 dinners and if they fail to maintain the standards set out in their code of conduct, in extreme cases the Committee can exclude a barrister from performing. Before a barrister can actually practice on their own, they must face the hurdle of finding set of chambers to join their 12 months ‘pupillage’ where they work with a well experienced barrister to learn the practices of law and the court, on the other hand, solicitors who are training have to have a university degree which is a course for three years. They can then do a further course called the ‘Learning Practice Course’ that is a course for 1 year. Barristers have a training contract of 2 years which they get paid for which is a minimum  £18000. Some barristers have the opportunity to work within their profession. Senior barristers are given the title of Queens counsel, though in some jurisdiction, it is being replaced by the senior counsel. A few of these will be asked to become judges where as solicitors do not get this opportunity and also barristers may start they profession earning less but however, gradually will increase a lot more than solicitors once the barristers become well known. Barristers are self-employed and on the other hand, solicitors are employed. The relationship of a solicitor with its client is contractual where as a relationship of a barrister with its client is normally through the solicitor but accountants and surveyors can brief barristers directly. Magistrates These are trained, unpaid members of the public within their local community. They work part time (26 days a year). On the other hand, juries are also unpaid people but it is their duty to fulfill the job. Magistrates deal with summary offence such as theft, nuisance and motor offending etc. however juries work in the crown court and they decide the facts about the case they are listening whereas a magistrate will pay attention to the law. Juries sit in a panel of 12 and decide if the verdict is guilty or not whereas magistrates sit in a panel of 3 and decide the law and give an appropriate sentence. The similarities between both are that, they don’t require any legal qualification or training. Both also should be from the age of 18 – 70 and the person who is taking the role of a jury, they must enrolled in the electronic register. The maximum sentence a magistrate can give 6 months imprisonment and  £5000 fine whereas a jury doesn’t have the authority to give the sentence apart from deciding guilty or not guilty.